Emerging contaminants detected in aquaculture sites in Java, Indonesia

Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern (acetaminophen (ACM), trimethoprim (TMP), oxytetracycline (OTC), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) were detected in water samples from aquaculture environments nonaquaculture sites four regions located on the northern coast Central Java. ACM was most prevalent pharmaceutical, with a mean concentration ranging not (n.d.) to 5.5 ± 1.9 ngL−1 (Brebes). Among target antibiotics (TMP, OTC, SMX), OTC ubiquitous, varying n.d. 8.0 3.3 ngL−1. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there significant correlation between TMP SMX concentrations. Based ecological risk assessment evaluation, use requires serious consideration, as it presented high health risks algae, while ACM, TMP, posed an insignificant moderate invertebrates, fish. The findings obtained this study highlight contaminant prominent concern. More attention needs be given managing planning for sustainable management shrimp farms, particularly part